Once owned by Cormac ua Cuinn (mac Airt), the three horns were buried beneath a sheet, but unearthed by Agal the king of Corca Tri, who hosted the kings of Erin led by the high-king
Aed Oridnide. Aed having dropped his horns while crossing, would not touch his drink unless he had a horn to drink from. The Twisted Horn was kept by Aed, the Litan given to the king of Ulster, the Eel-Horn to the king of Connacht.
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*1
Ancient Laws of Ireland: Senchus Mor (conclusion) being the Corus Bescna or Customary Law and the Book of Aicill (Dublin : Printed for H.M.S.O., published by A. Thom ; London : Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1865-1901.), vol.3 (of 6 vol.),
[edited by O'Donovan, John, 1809-1861, O'Curry, Eugene, 1796-1862, et al.] [books.google]
[See page on spear for full bibliography]
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*1 Stokes, Whitley, tr. ed. Scéla Conchobair maic Nessa "The Tidings of Conchobar son of Ness" in Ériu 4 (1910), 18-33.
Eng. tr. online: "The Tidings of Conchobar son of Ness" [The Book of Leinster.
*2
Brown, "The Bleeding Lance" (op.cit.), 23n, points out that there is a conformity in the names of Cormac's spear and shield. (Quoted below)
----- branch, cup, cauldron, Socht's Sword. -----
*1
Stokes, Whitley, ed. tr., Scél na Fír Flatha, Echtra Chormaic i Tír Tairngiri ocus Cert Claidib Chormaic (the Irish Ordeals, Cormac's Adventure in the Land of Promise, and the Decision as to Cormac's Sword ), in Irische Texte III, 1 (Leipzig 1891) pp. 183-229.
The story is usually referred to as The Adventures of Cormac (Echtra Cormaic) of which the 12 c. version from the Yellow Book of Lecan and the Book of Ballymote is this edition. fír flatha glosses as "sovereign's truth, just rule, justice of the ruler", whereas fír nDé = "ordeal". cert = "right".
Another 12c. recension is in the Book of Fermoy. See bibl. & summary by Dan M. Wiley @ Hastings U.
*2
O'Grady, Standish H., ed., tr., "Faghail craoibhe Chormaic mhic Airt: How Cormac mac Airt got his Branch", Transactions of the Ossianic Society 3 (1857), 212-28. [The title given on the title page of volume 3 is Toruigheacht Dhiarmuda agus Ghrainne ; or, the pursuit after Diarmuid O'Duibhne, and Grainne, the daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the third century ]
This modern recension dates to not later than the seventeenth century.
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*1
"Faghail craoibhe Chormaic mhic Airt: How Cormac mac Airt got his Branch", Transactions of the Ossianic Society 3 (Dublin: John O'Daly 1857), 212-28.
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*1
The Three Drinking-Horns of Cormac úa Cuinn,
§ Identifying which "Cormac" to be the owner of the shield Croda
According to Brown, this belonged to Cormac mac Airt (3rd century),
but it is anachronistic for it to appear in the Ulster cycle (set in B.C. period).
Then who could be the candidates?
There is Cormac Connloinges, son of Conchobar himself, but that would not be consistent.
For reading back on the source, "The Tidings of Conchobar," we learn that Conchobar surrounded himself with a glut of champions, and this was not because his fighting skills were wanting, because he was the best of fighters. It was done to ensure that Conchobar will safely sire a son. So in this period, it seems Conchobar had no son, and if he did, in the person of Cormac owner of Croda, it is decidedly odd to subject that son to peril. (Of course one can speculate this son was a bastard or had a blemish that disqualified him, etc.)
There is also another, called Cormac, king of Ulaid, "the man of the three gifts" ( Da Derga's Hostel) or simply "Cormac of Ulster", the maternal grandfather of Conaire Mó.
But he is the father of Conaire Mór, lead character of The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel. His wife however, may have slept with a bird-man.
To recap, we have
- Cormac (1) "mac Airt"
- Cormac (2) "Connloinges"
- Cormac (3) (father of Conaire Mór)
In T. W. Rolleston Celtic Myth and Legend available in inexpensive Dover paperback, the three above are clearly distinguished (see Rollerston, Celtic Myth and Legend, index). That may be prudent to do for the sake of organization of information.
However, further confusing the issue, Mackillop's Dict. suggest (2) and (3) above may be identical.
In passing one might note the resemblance between Cormac (1) "Conn's ancester" and Cormac (2) "Connloinges" to see a connection there also, perhaps ultimately derived from a Cormac, possessor of a bloody spear and shield from a lost ur-saga.
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